Well dive more into this in the historicity of Baal in a few sections. ed., 1965); H.B. Valimai means strengh, or force or weight. He was considered superior to his father, El, the chief of the deities. 18For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished. How many pagan ideas have we let seep in? For instance, Hezekiahs son rebuilds the shrines of Baal and the Canaanite goddess Asherah that Hezekiah had torn down: He rebuilt the high places his father Hezekiah had destroyed; he also erected altars to Baal and made an Asherah pole, as Ahab king of Israel had done. He is the king of the east and governs an army of 66 legions of demons." Did you catch that? Not only do the Jews have to deal with the abomination of Zeus and Antiochus Epiphanes IV (Daniel 8), but the Greek pantheon later gets repeated in the Roman pantheon, and practices from both the Greeks and Romans still exist today. No doubt, we cant cover the breadth of verses on Baal here, but we should note that Baal becomes a big player in the book of Judges and during the time of the kings when Israel appears to succumb most to the foreign pantheons. The actual worship of Ba'al was carried out in terms of imitative magic whereby sexual acts by both male and female temple prostitutes were understood to arouse Ba'al who then brought rain to make Mother Earth fertile (in some forms of the myth, represented by a female consort, Asherah or Astarte). The worship of Baal in Syria-Palestine was inextricably bound to the economy of the land which depends on the regularity and adequacy of the rains. Charles Whitaker At the foundation of every community is a way of life that its people live and teach their children. . Yet if you asked most people who believe and follow this new morality, I suspect few would have ever heard of Baal. The worship of Baal was popular in Egypt from the later New Kingdom in about 1400 bce to its end (1075 bce). We are seeing the same thing today, but at times, it is harder to recognize because we are accustomed to it, and it is not happening overnight. It seemed they couldnt border a single person who didnt try to destroy them or convince them to worship their own gods. Elijah's work was to reveal the true God to Israel in a time of growing national crisis. The Lord said to Moses, "Take all the leaders of the people and execute them in broad daylight before the Lord, so that the fierce anger of the Lord may turn away from Israel." Depending on the tradition, she was either Baal's mother, lover, or both. The beliefs and practices of the Canaanites were not only detestable, but they also . Now that He has announced Israel's imminent calamity, God begins to show how His punishment would alter the lives of the people. The prize of the victory was kingship over the gods and the enthronement ritual guaranteed the natural order of life and the welfare of the society. At one point in A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton, he deals with soldiers who left the service of their armyeither the Confederate army or the Union army. Fertility was envisaged in terms of seven-year cycles. Because such people are drunk through riches' deceptive promise, their judgment is in danger of being radically altered. Yet such fluidity in the use of the term baal did not prevent it from being attached to a god of distinct character. Further, in biblical usage when applied to the great weather-god, the singular regularly has the article, "the Baal," which suggests that the word was not regarded as a proper name. And one of the most famous instances of Israel going head to head with the prophets of Baal comes from 1 Kings 18. Baal was the god of rain, wind, and fertility. In this article, well discuss what Scripture has to say about Baal, what we know from history about Baal, and why this ultimately matters to us today. Study the god Baal, Baal worship, and the presentation of Baal in the Bible. Matthew 5:17Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill. They also worshiped him as a fertility god who provided children. Ahab accommodated his wife's idolatry to the point of building a . When the rain failed, it was inevitable that some would question YHWH's power and resort to Baal. Learn more about Biblical Sidon and Sidonian religion in Claude Doumet-Serhals article SidonCanaans Firstborn in the July/August 2017 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review. ADD. . Blending the lies of this world with the truth of God produces a foul mixture called syncretism (James 3:10-13). Pagan Religious Practices. In the mysterious tablets of Ugarit, discovered by Claude Schaeffer, Baal is the God of rain, thunder, and extraordinary bolts of lightning. Some of Judah's kings spent years tearing down shrines and high places to foreign gods (II Chronicles 34:1-7). Today, music performers entice young and old in the practice of the worship of Baal-Peor The latter title has a biblical echo in the corrupted form Baal-Zebub (II Kings 1:2ff. They become "settled on their lees," as it says in Zephaniah 1:12. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Unlike Egypt and Mesopotamia, which depend on irrigation, the Promised Land drinks water from the rain of heaven (Deut. Despite Gods efforts to dissuade them, the Israelites engaged with the Canaanite culture a little too much and adopted their practices, including Baal worship. In exchange, they would offer information about their unit. Combine a one-year tablet and print subscription to BAR with membership in the BAS Library to start your journey into the ancient past today! It is related that on one occasion a strange ruler came to the place where Peor was worshiped, to sacrifice to him; but when he heard of this silly practise, he caused his soldiers to attack and kill the worshipers of the god (Sifre, Num. Indeed, throughout its history, the most important god at Sidon was the storm godknown during the Phoenician period as Baal or Bel. The Macedonian Cleopatra planned to send her son to India through the Red Sea. Baal was considered the supreme. Because Canaan depended on rain to grow crops and survive, he was numero uno. The Semitic word Baal means lord or master, and the ancient people believed he was in charge of all of nature and humans. Before descending to the realm of death, Baal copulates with a heifer and begets a male offspring. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The contest on Mount Carmel was reported as demonstrating that Baal was an impotent non-entity and that the rain came only from YHWH. Sift through the storied history of ancient Israel. 55:613; Jer. Baal was the god of agriculture and fertility in Canaan, becoming a fallen angel and a demon. Who were the Sidonians, and what do we know about their religion? Thus, they developed a syncretic religious system, a blending of the truth of God and outright paganism. For a while, both sidesthe Confederate and the Unionaccepted those turncoats and took their information. See what over 150,000 subscribers are already receiving each day. * Jesus is a transliteration of the Latin; it is NOT a translation! Baal, god worshipped in many ancient Middle Eastern communities, especially among the Canaanites, who apparently considered him a fertility deity and one of the most important gods in the pantheon. Recall God's prophecy in Deuteronomy 32:15, predicting that when Israel prospered, then it would rebel. Worship of Baal was also carried out right on the housetops of the people, from where sacrificial smoke to their god was frequently seen to rise. 10:1113; 14:22). 4. The Jordan River (Nahar ha-Yarden) qualified as a mikveh as its flowing living waters originated from a natural spring (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River). It is not known to what extent the Canaanites considered those various Baalim identical, but the Baal of Ugarit does not seem to have confined his activities to one city, and doubtless other communities agreed in giving him cosmic scope. 9:20 presents a parallel is mistaken since the Ugaritic text mentions the sea-god and not Death (Mot) in connection with the window.) The religion of Israel began with a man, Jeroboam I, who changed the true worship of God (I Kings 12:26-33). Revelation 2:14 "THE DOCTRINES OF . Asherah was a fertility goddess. The biblical allusions to YHWH's victory over the sea preserve echoes of the older exploit of Baal (cf. None of the foolish practices of the heathen could bring the rains; only YHWH could and did (Jer. Next both Mot and Baal appear reconstituted and reactivated and again in conflict. The Semitic original of this name has been recognized in one of Baal's names in Ugaritic: (The name is to be connected with the root dmr, "be strong, brave," and is probably the same as that of Abraham's son Zimrn (damarn), the -n afformative being preserved in the genitive case of the Greek form Demarountos). His ministry took place about 150 years before Israel was to fall, becoming the Lost Ten Tribes, so God was beginning to make a powerful witness to them. One was 260 days and was used for . The Israelites fell into the worship of this idol(Numbers 25:3,5,18; Deuteronomy 4:3; Psalm 106:28; Hosea 9:10). 106 a ). 33:7) has been made the basis of intriguing speculation by Eissfeldt. In others, they rejected Yahweh worship altogether and fully turned themselves over to the idols of Canaan (2 Kgs 17:14-17). The spectacular victory for Yahwism did not have a lasting effect. Sidon is the birth place of Jezabel. Mot refused and boasted how he had mangled Baal. A falling away is taking place right now. What modern-day Baals have we worshipped in place of God? He replaced the Levitical priesthood with men of his own choosing. As a Semitic common noun baal (Hebrew baal) meant owner or lord, although it could be used more generally; for example, a baal of wings was a winged creature, and, in the plural, baalim of arrows indicated archers. 14:13). To accommodate Baal ideology to Yahwism required some radical transformations. You have a cuddly little Baal idol in your child's bedroom without even suspecting it. The triumph of Baal recounted in the myths and perhaps reenacted in ritual drama gave assurance of help in the present and the future as in the past. 4:12; Hos. The worship of Baal penetrated Jewish religious life during the period of the Judges ( Judges 3:7 ), became common in Israel during the rule of Ahab ( 1 Kings 16:31-33 ), and also influenced Judah ( 2 Chronicles 28:1-2 ). Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. Baal worship is something I associated only with Old Testament Bible days. . Near Baals temple was that of Dagon, given in the tablets as Baals father. Baal was a cruel, sensuous, and revolting false god whose worship involved sexual degradation and lewdness. For this reason, God shows that the preacher, not the civil authority, is the most vital part of the community. Essentially, the Phoenicians were the Canaanites who survived from the Bronze Age into the Iron Age and who were not supplanted by new people groups (Philistines, Israelites, etc.). With Baal's functions accredited to YHWH, it was natural and fitting that some of Baal's titles would also be taken over. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baal-ancient-deity, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Baal, Baal - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 11:1011). When Ashtoreth is mentioned in scripture, she is linked to Molech, (also called Milcom in the Bible). In the Bible, Baal (also rendered Baal) was an important Canaanite god, often portrayed as the primary enemy of the Hebrew God Yahweh. The first mention of Molech is in Leviticus 18:21 in which the . Those familiar with the Biblical text will recall that Sidon was an influential, wealthy Phoenician city when the kings of Israel and Judah ruled during the Iron Age. What do we know about the religion surrounding this Canaanite deity, and how did it affect those in the Old Testament? Archeological excavations have dated information about Baal back as far as the second millennium BC, and the spread of Baal worship caught fire in Egypt in 1400 BC. Another idea is that it pictures a person shifting his weight from one foot to the other, indicating a degree of lameness. . A series of bad years, which were apparently believed to come in seven-year cycles (cf. One idea is that he means, "How long are you going to hop from branch to branch? Observing Christmas and Easter in the name of Christ is no different. The Israelites displayed a pandemic failure to love their fellow man. 114) or with eschatological victory (Isa. Perhaps the clearest example of this is Jeremiah, who moaned and complained to God, "This is more difficult than You ever told me it would be. 33 Bible Verses about Baal Worship, History So Israel joined themselves to Baal of Peor, and the Lord was angry against Israel. The laws given to Moses by God expressly forbade the Jews to do what was done in Egypt or in Canaan. . Biblical narrative incorporates tales of Baal worship into the traditions of the wilderness wandering, thus tracing Baal worship to the earliest period of Israel's existence. I appreciate your consideration, and Im sure the Most High does as well! Because Baal was neither alive nor a moral force, his worshippers felt they could communicate with him only by ritual actions that portrayed what they were asking him to do. In the first encounter, Baal is invited to a banquet at which he is to be both guest and main course. BAAL-WORSHIP AMONG THE GENTILES.The evidence is hardly of such weight as to justify us in speaking of a worship of Baal. Some suppose Baal to correspond to the sun and Ashtoreth to the moon; others that Baal was Jupiter and Ashtoreth Venus. In Canaanite religion her primary role was that of mother goddess. The king of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and by the Habor, the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. 27:1). Nyberg had restored it in Deuteronomy 33:12; I Samuel 2:10; II Samuel 23:1; Isaiah 59:18, 63:7; and Hosea 7:16. In Judah the murder of the queen mother, *Athaliah , and of Mattan, priest of Baal, and the smashing of the altars and cult images in the Baal temple (II Kings 11:18) did not wipe out the cult (II Kings 12:34). Recall God's wrath when Aaron made a golden calf at the urging of the Israelites in the wilderness and proclaimed a feast to the Lord (Exodus 32:1-5). So the word Jezebel finally means one who is a good musician. However, God shows there is a possible harmful, secondary effect: As people become financially secure, their attention is diverted from His purpose to vain and unimportant things. But their carnality and their fear of men persuaded them to worship Baal, because they wanted to be friends with their fellow Israelites. Jews nowadays say Ha-Shem [i.e. In Ugaritic and Hebrew, Baals epithet as the storm god was He Who Rides on the Clouds. With the help of wonder weapons supplied and blessed by the versatile Koshar (the craftsman god), Baal was able to defeat and rout the sea-god. In distress some would naturally revert to the old ways of reviving or reactivating the rain-god prayer, mourning, self-laceration, dancing, and water-pouring (I Kings 18:2628; Hos. The prophet turns the heat on, and they become angry with him when he is actually working to make them better. . Baal and Asherah were two giant stumbling blocks for the people of Israel. A common designation of Baal in the Ugaritic myths is bn-dgn "son of Dagn"; but Baal is also considered the son of El who is called "Bull El his [i.e., Baal's] father; El King who begot him [Baal]" (tr il abh; il mlk dyknnh). In an Akkadian catalogue of Ugaritic deities Baal apn is listed as dIM be-el hurn a-zi, "Storm-God, Lord of Mount azi" (see above; az [z] i being the Hurrian name of Mount apn which survives in the Greek and Latin Kasios/Casius as the name of the storied mountain of the gods). When a person is freezing to death, he feels a pleasant numbness that he does not want to end. Thus, according to Sakkunyaton, Baal's natural father was Ouranos and Dagn became his foster-father, while El-Kronos effected the transfer. Most often, it condemns Baal worship. It indeed produces great material prosperity, but it is consumed through self-indulgent gorging. The Berean: Daily Verse and Comment Sign up for the Berean: Daily Verse and Comment, and have Biblical truth delivered to your inbox. The Lord calls for the worship of him and his idols to be uprooted and destroyed, and for the people to turn away from his false . Certainly not those of east Asia. With human features as well as the eyebrows, nose and horns of a ram, this painted limestone figurine represents a deity and dates to c. 1650 B.C.E. 18 Then Jehu gathered all the people together, and said to them, "Ahab served Baal a little, Jehu will serve him much. A complaint is made to Bull El, father of the gods, that Baal has no house like other gods. Payment of the full tithe to the food stores of the Temple, some thought, would guarantee that YHWH would open the windows of heaven and pour down overflowing blessings (Mal. made for themselves a molded image and two calves, made a wooden image and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal" (verses 15-16). All Rights Reserved. This article is about Baal worship in the Bible. This viewpoint was developed as the basic and final argument against Baalism. This second, universal interpretation is a better fit because, when we look at the whole passage, the events and personalities are worldwide in scope. Archaeologists at Sidon have uncovered a 12th11th-century B.C.E. The handle displays an impression of a ship with the leonine dragon Uumgal, the storm god Adads attendant, next to it. Commentaries are at odds over what the Hebrew word translated divided means. Its is right up there with the thought that we know where Jesus was born, or that one can see a descendant of the original burning bush, etc.. Evil practices never go away. Why Did Pharaoh Tell Joseph to Enjoy the 'Fat of the Land'? Since you mentioned John baptizing Jesus. Their spiritual lethargy for the true God made them uncommitted. In the books of Kings and Chronicles, we can read the record of a given king who turned away from God and served the Baals, and the foolishness sounds quick and casual because we are reading a summary. This corrupt blending of a holy God with a pagan goddess became part of everyday religious practice, which is why evil king Manasseh put an Asherah pole . Since the Ugaritic verified the antiquity and authenticity of this divine name, additional instances have been alleged in the Psalter and in Job. Canaanite Religions and Baal Worship by Dr. Ralph F. Wilson Audio (12:51) Free E-mail Bible Study Grace: Favor for the Undeserving. Lastly, he replaced God with golden calves in Bethel and Dan. The sum of what Elijah said is actually spiritually dangerous, due to the fact that God is judging. Not a BAS Library member yet? Whatever the case, there is no doubt about Elijah's intent: "How long will you keep shifting from one opinion to the other?" In many cases, when the king or the nation had wandered from the way, the prophets were sent to correct them (e.g., II Samuel 12:1-15; I Kings 18:17-19; II Kings 21:10-15). A second interpretation is that since the falling away contains the definite article, it refers to a unique event in man's history, far greater than anything that has happened before. Today, some evangelicals attempt to prepare the people for what is to come, but their teaching is a mixture of right and wrong. Once Elijah began preaching, their conscience pricked them, and it encouraged them to worship the true God. However, it was not the religion God gave through Moses, but idolatry that flourished! He was to be an aid in getting them from their state of being merely "churched" to that of being truly religious and servants of the Most High God. A god Baal apn was known from Egyptian and Akkadian sources before the discovery of the Ugaritic documents. Sidons Storm God. It is urgent that we understand what is involved here because it reveals the cause of God's anger that led to Israel's defeat and scattering. Since Baal was, like almost all ancient deities, a fertility god, the human act of intercourse demonstrated that they wanted Baal to prosper them. Figs and grapes ripen during the dry season and the grain harvest also takes place before the rains resume. Join the BAS Library today. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 57:310), perhaps including copulation with animals (Hos. They used the name of God frequently, saying they trusted Him, but they filled the nation with stealing, lying, and murder. By submitting to Him, we take a small step in being transformed into what He is. Sacred sex was a key component. Since El and Dagn are distinct deities, this seeming confusion over Baal's paternity needs explanation. Apparently in anticipation of developments the artisan god Koshar had cast furnishings of gold and silver. In the Hebrew language, Baal as a noun means "lord or possessor." As a verb, it means "to have dominion over or be lord over." Additionally, the local deity (near Israel) "Baal," was a god of rain and fertility. All through the Old Testament, the people of Israel fell into Baal and Asherah worship, and it is no different for us today. Asherah (Hebrew ), also spelled Ashera, was a major northwest Semitic mother goddess, appearing also in Akkadian sources as Ashratu, in Hittite as Asherdu and in Ugaritic as Athirat.She was the consort of the chief deity El and the mother of 70 other gods.. And she has taken over many so-called churches. Hope Bolingeris an acquisitions editor at End Game Press, and the author 21+ books. That made God so angry that a plague spread through their ranks; Phinehas stood up and pled their case and the . Life in a land dependent on rainfall enhanced the appeal of the Baal cult and its pervasive influence persisted through the centuries, as the unrelenting protests of the prophets and the sporadic efforts at reform attest. The Canaanites often worshipped her via trees (Asherah poles) because of her association with the tree of life. And Asherah and Baal led the way together (Judges 3:7, 1 Kings 18:19, 2 Kings 23:4). It was a corruption of that religion, for the Israelites syncretized that holy way with Baalism and other idolatries. Either you are going to be committed to Him or not. Can we stop with the Yahweh pronunciation once and for all? But church is where we come to have our minds stretched and measured against Christ's standard. In Psalms 89:13 afon and yamin, in parellelism with Tabor and Hermon, hardly designate the directions north and south; yamin is almost certainly a corruption of Amana, the southern portion of the Taurus mountains, the alteration of amanah to yamin being occasioned by the misunderstanding of afon as the direction rather than the name of the holy mountain. Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access membership. Omissions? Historical Background of HoseaBaal and Idolatry. The summer drought did not mean that YHWH had died (like Baal), nor did the return of the rains signal the resurrection. The continued worship of Baal was given as one of the causes for the destruction of Judah (Jer. In this regard, Elijah was a type of John the Baptist, and Elisha, a type of Christ. Baal's objection to the window somehow concerned his three daughters and the sea-god (Yamm), but the text is broken at this point. 2:13) and *Asherah (Judg. Tamil is connected with the Phoenician. Baal (/ b e. Although they lived in Israel, Jezebel and her retainers were free to worship Baal. Baal is also referred to about 12 times as "the Rider of the Clouds" which undoubtedly testifies to his control over the rain and storms. Most of them were just saving themselves and making themselves comfortable in their situation. You tricked me." In some cases, they attempted to attach this practice to worship of the Lord (Ezek 23:39). Baal was the title of the "god" worshiped in ancient Canaan and Phoenicia. Christ's purpose is to cure, not merely to comfort, so pain will be often involved when dealing with a prophet. The written form Moloch (in the Septuagint Greek translation of the Old Testament), or Molech (Hebrew), is the word Melech or king, transformed by interposing the vowels of bosheth or 'shameful thing'. . Even those who have vaguely heard of the name Baal in the Bible know it doesnt have a good connotation. So the word Poeni can be rewritten as Peyeni or as Payani or as Payan. As such, Baal designated the universal god of fertility, and in that capacity his title was Prince, Lord of the Earth. Portions of ancient Baal liturgy were adapted to the praise of Israel's God, as the Ugaritic poems have shown. Immorality lies in the desire of men to live self-centered lives independent of God, as when Adam and Eve took of the forbidden tree (Genesis 3:1-19). The rains were fully controlled by YHWH who called them from the sea and poured them out on the surface of the earth (Amos 5:8b; 9:6b). Baal is said to be one of the first of Solomon's 72 demons. The Spread of Baalism. (II Kings 17:35-38). Ugaritic texts tell of other fertility aspects of Baal, such as his relations with Anath, his consort and sister, and also his siring a divine bull calf from a heifer. Koshar twice recommended that a window be installed and Baal twice vetoed the suggestion, although Koshar insisted that Baal would have to reconsider. 3:23). Reuben Alcalay, a famous Hebrew lexicographer, stated that Yehoshua is closely related to Let there be So, lets be intellectually honest and start using the proper English translation: Joshua. Baal was a god of prosperity, god of harvest, sex and fertility. "But there was no voice. One such deity who gripped Israel for a period of time was Baal. In the El-Amarna letters the logogram for the weather-god is conventionally read Addu, but that it is sometimes to be read Baluis indicated by the addition of the phonetic complement-lu, as well as by the names like Mut dIm written syllabically as mu-ut-ba-a-lum. Asherah, another popular deity in Canaan, was the goddess of motherhood and fertility . The Baal-worship so often alluded to and described in Holy Writ might, perhaps, be better styled, id-worship, moon-worship, Melek (Moloch)-worship, or Hadad-worship, according to places and circumstances. Baal was a false god the feckless Jewish King Ahab and his wicked wife, Jezebel, attempted to force upon the nation of Israel during the time of Elijah the prophet (see 1 Kings 18). God's first command to destroy any forms of idol worship came early in the Bible in Exodus 34:13. . So it was in the northern kingdom of Israel after its division from the kingdom of Judah. Groves and high places were places of worship erected to Canaanite gods and goddesses. Given Sidons position on the coast, it is not surprising that the storm god is Sidons most important god. north of Ugarit. When the Israelites, following Moses to the Promised Land, were in the vicinity of Peor, some of them fell into idolatry and worshiped Baal Peor. This chapter reports on the behavior of the people placed in Israel after Israel's conquest and deportation by Assyria between 722-720 BC. Baal's worshipers appeased him by offering sacrifices, usually animals such as sheep or bulls (1 Kings 18:23). In the mythology of Canaan, Baal, the god of life and fertility, locked in mortal combat with Mot, the god of death and sterility. Israel "walked in the statutes of the nations whom the LORD had cast out from before the children of Israel." Did the Carthaginians Really Practice Infant Sacrifice? He could, and did, withhold the rain from one city and lavish it on another (Amos 4:7). Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have . How Is Harry Potter a Literary Christ Figure? At Ras-Shamar, Baal was referred to as the son of Dagon, the Philistines chief god. l, b . Baal was a fertility and earth god of the ancient cultures and was later exported to Egypt where he was worshipped as the storm god. Ritual prostitution only served to erode the family, eventually leading to the destruction of the nation. Baal was also worshipped by various communities as a local god. He takes something loathsome and vile, something that is a direct affront to almighty God, a pagan idol, and turns it into a cute little children's fairy tale, so that you can buy the book, see the movies, get the cuddly toy, and bingo! For one to keep on coming to services and leaving, like a theatergoer, without his options, opinions, or decisions resolved but deferred, is an erosion of character. Indeed, religion flourished, as Amos, Hosea's contemporary, clearly reports (see Amos 5:21-27). He views them as personally rejecting Him and His Word. Sidons Phoenician Temple. Of special interest is the designation Aliy (ly) which is twice applied to Baal in the Krt Epic: Before the discovery and recognition of this name in Ugaritic, H.S. The proposition for the concept is as follows: The Latins called the Phoenicians as Poeni. In Ugaritic and Hebrew, Baal's epithet as the storm god was He Who Rides on the Clouds. 29:35, 32:26; Nah. Since the root tr in Arabic is connected with artificial irrigation, it is apparent that Ashtar's failure to measure up to Baal represents the inadequacy of irrigation as a substitute for natural rainfall.
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