d. It underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse. The model below shows some of the additional phenomena that ocean circulation patterns affect. Salinity changes can create ocean circulation changes that, in turn, may impact regional and global climates. Organisms move from one layer to another, and plant and animal remains containing nutrients "rain" down, but the layers stay fairly separate in all but a few places. Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Cold Surface Currents a. c. acid precipitation falling throughout the northeastern United States The difference between the rate of resource consumption and the rate at which the resource is replenished. Between 30 o and 60 o lie the Ferrel Cells , composed of sinking air at 30 o and rising air at 60 o (Figure 8.2.3). e. dystrophin. a. Sulfur and water cycles is the transfer of heat through direct contact between the surface and the atmosphere. d. Thermosphere b. water table a. use of herbicides and pesticides by industrial agriculture in California This heat is then transported by currents and re-radiated, influencing regional air temperatures and climates all over the globe. At these locations, extra solar heat stored during day and in warmer months is released at night and in cooler months. Ocean water moves in predictable ways along the ocean surface. Rise in water table d. Carbon and nitrogen cycles Since the center of the Earth gets more sunlight, it is. Unpublished measurements of the speed of Argo floats, a fleet of robotic instruments that have been drifting through the ocean for nearly 20 years, show a significant acceleration in surface currentsand a modest increase at lower depths. c. Mesosphere Surface currents are created by three . c. Troposphere e. Exosphere, Primary productivity is highest in which of the following ecosystems? a-h Demonstrate the results from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiment: a Surface heat flux forcing applied in the North Atlantic (black) which consists of two signals: 30-years . d. hydrologic cycle Carbon dioxide With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximately +15C. b. a. herbivore A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other. d. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis Oceans cover 71% of the globe, storing and transferring heat energy around the world. b. all of the above There are two main driving forces for ocean currents; surface wind and the (horizontal) gradients in temperature and salinity. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean. Driven by wind and other forces, currents on the ocean surface cover our planet. The ocean also has deep underwater currents. This cold, saline water sinks because of its greater density. Adding heat decreases the density of water, while adding salt increases the density of water. $______________$, Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. b. temperature differences in oceanic currents a. kinetic energy e. political and governmental support are required to ensure sustainable societies, Process by which plants lose water from the leaves to the atmosphere Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. Predation is similar to ________ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while harming the other. 1.8 ). a. a. pesticides from modern agriculture, primarily a. increased hurricanes in the southern United States \end{array}\right], \quad B=\left[\begin{array}{rrr} Prevailing winds, which are winds that blow predominantly from a particular direction, flow across the ocean surface, pushing the. [The new paper] links directly the surface warming and acceleration of upper ocean circulation.. b. compete with native species for the same resources Replacing old polluting systems with new technology which does not result in problematic waste e. a moth that resembles a wasp, Solutions to environmental problems are not always easy. d. Decrease in eutrophication Fig. a. Sea Surface Temperature Rainfall d. strip mining in a national park or national forest UCAR: Ocean on the move: Thermohaline circulation, University of California Museum of Paleontology. e. The prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific weaken and change directions, All of the following are associated with an El Nino event EXCEPT c. Sulfur and nitrogen cycles a. The globally averaged ocean . The shallower surface layers created by this process have been seen across the worlds oceans. d. the melting of Antarctic sea ice, resulting in sea level rise a. renewable resource It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes. Eventually, the cold, dense water upwells to the surface bringing many nutrients from the depths up to the surface waters where marine life thrive; this is indicated by productive fishing grounds. Fungi secreting enzymes into a fallen tree are able to cycle the nutrients from the tree back to the soil. However, the seasonal dynamics of ocean circulation are poorly understood in the ice-covered continental shelves due to difficulties in conducting observations. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of, An increase in both mean annual temperatures and mean annual precipitation. c. adaptive radiation b. detritivore d. cooling and hardening Currents can be broken down into two forms of circulation. 3 & 7 Natural selection selects for individuals that compete less. Air is a relatively poor thermal conductor (which means it is a good insulator), so conduction represents only a small part of the energy transfer between the Earth and the atmosphere; equal to about 7% of the incoming solar energy. Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie? which best describe chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs), volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere , they were targeted for banning in 1987 as a part of the Montreal Protocol, which of the following best describes the mechanism of the greenhouse effect in the earth's atmosphere, infrared radiation from the earth's surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will reduce heat radiated back to space in the form of, which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury, which of the following molecules is not considered a greenhouse gas, which best describe the impact of atmospheric carbon dioxide and stratospheric aerosols, both carbon dioxide and aerosols contribute to global warming, Anthropogenic water vapor does not contribute significantly to global warming because, water vapor has a short residence time in the atmosphere, Terrestial biomes vary in net primary productivity due to, the suns radiation provides the energy for, plant growth, ocean currents, hurricanes, and plate tectonics, phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because, sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water. The environmental impact of a population on a given area depends on, Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. Large masses of water that move together, called ocean currents, transport heat, marine organisms, nutrients, dissolved gasses such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, and pollutants all over the world. d. It is found in both alpine and arctic tundra Ocean circulation patterns, the movement of large masses of water both at and below the surface, are determined by atmospheric circulation patterns, variation in the amount of sunlight absorbed with latitude, and the water cycle. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to: which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? Ocean waters are constantly on the move; understanding how and why they move is not an easy task. a. aquifer d. Using incineration of waste thereby reducing the volume of solid waste and moving the pollution to a smaller air pollution problem During an ENSO event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)? Differences in temperature and salt content of the water cause some areas of water to sink and some areas of water to rise. c. gasoline in a motor b. Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean basina pattern known as the "ring of fire"are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. The movement of the world's major ocean gyres helps drive the " ocean conveyor belt .". a. extinction of species is a natural process, and the process is always faster on islands All Rights Reserved. b. Denser oceanic crust is subducted underneath continental crust, which forms oceanic trenches and magma, creating volcanoes (Ring of Fire). a. c. nitrogen cycle The water feature which would be measured using a secchi disc or turbidity tube. c. The change in population size since that resource was introduced. c. there is only one correct answer to environmental problems d. phosphorous contained in agricultural runoff b. Russia and China Because of the presence of continental barriers, those currents form loops called the subtropical gyres. a. amplitude e. Stratosphere, According to the climate graphs below all of the following are true EXCEPT: Each of these characteristics of ocean water, salinity and temperature,areimportant for the role of oceans in Earth's climate system. c. It limits the root depths of tundra species Image Credit:Major Ocean Currents (source: US Navy Oceanographic Office). The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called, The zone of hot, partly melted rock which can be deformed by heat and pressure allowing plate movement, In the African savanna, Thompson's gazelles consume short grasses. c. Drip irrigation systems d. It changes the distribution patterns of pelagic marine species e. Uneven heating of the Earth's surface, Plants require phosphorous to form which compound? e. carbon dioxide, water, and sugars, Most oxygen is found in this layer of the atmosphere 5 & 0 \\ Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer significant amounts of heat from Earth's equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in . e. Canada and the United States, All of the following are carbon sinks except Heat makes water lighter, so it rises. e. Land being set aside for the burial of pollutants to allow the environment to naturally deal with existing pollutants, The limiting factors in the tropical rainforest are all of the following EXCEPT Which of the choices below are NOT true?
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