c. all languages have the same pragmatics. For most people, the capacity will probably be close to 7 plus or minus 2. Most individuals develop a clear understanding of their language's structure, as well as a large vocabulary, during. For example, this type of active rehearsal is the way many children learn their ABCs by singing the alphabet song. B. scope. A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect. The third form of retrieval is relearning, and its just what it sounds like. For example, what comes to your mind when you think of a dog? a. Concepts are informed by our semantic memory (you will learn more about semantic memory in a later chapter) and are present in every aspect of our lives; however, one of the easiest places to notice concepts is inside a classroom, where they are discussed explicitly. As we continue to examine thinking, keep in mind how powerful the forces of concepts and schemata are to our understanding of the world. ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n): Multiple Choice Q17 _____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes,including thinking,language,memory,problem solving,knowing,reasoning,and judging. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. b. algorithm. Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? C. are ill defined or vague. What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys? It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. Our ability to retrieve information from long-term memory is vital to our everyday functioning. Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing. b. representative heuristic The goal of clustering a set of data is to. D. relying on the opinions of others. d.$8,000. d. pragmatics. A. B. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solutions to problem. Question 2. Choose all that apply. A. speed and efficiency Intervention bias Short-term memory storage lasts 15 to 30 seconds. Active rehearsal is a way of attending to information to move it from short-term to long-term memory. By following the instructions correctly, you are guaranteed to arrive at the right answer. Can you remember every event you have experienced over the course of your lifemeals, conversations, clothing choices, weather conditions, and so on? Both memory trace decay and proactive interference affect short-term memory. a. communicate with one another; dream more vividly If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks: conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period. A. reasoning. This is an example of Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect.". Episodic memories are also called autobiographical memories. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. PRNGs attempt to create numbers that are as random as possible. And when youre riding in a crowded elevator and you cant face the front, it feels uncomfortable, doesnt it? d. trial and error. The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as, Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the. D. Concepts/problem solving, In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems Rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. a. Japanese children. a. is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. d. Down syndrome. b. syntax. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. B. We recommend using a a. attention and spatial memory. When you study United States history, for example, you learn about more than just individual events that have happened in Americas past. d. similar to, Which of the following images is the best example of a prototype for a fruit? By following an algorithm, you can ensure that you will arrive at the correct answer to each problem. B. representativeness heuristic. C. Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided. d. valid. b. is present in all animals and helps them learn symbols for language. Now lets turn our attention to acoustic encoding. As you drive home, you hear your phones ring tone. Creative intelligence 130 d. trial and error. The cognitive universalism theory states that: Clinical psychologists We recommend using a or numbers for which there is no identifiable pattern or sequence. An algorithm is a software used to compute numbers. B. using algorithms. For example, if you live in Essex Junction, Vermont, you have probably had a lot of direct experience with snow. Find the percentage. c. logical/mathematical intelligence. Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become thoughts. Trial and error is another term for: A heuristic is a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Its formal written version is called a program, or code. The notes were sour because the seams split. An algorithm, whose characteristics will be discussed later, is a form that embeds the complete logic of the solution. semantic. These are concrete, high-imagery words. The self-reference effect is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance (Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977). A. are vague and/or ill defined https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts, Describe how schemata are organized and constructed. C. 15 to 20 A. Sensory information about sights, sounds, smells, and even textures, which we do not view as valuable information, we discard. 1999-2023, Rice University. C. subgoaling. Choose all that apply. What rules of thumb (if any) are you using? a. subjective. CONCEPT Definition of an Algorithm 6 Which of the following statements about APIs is true? c. is a device that aids in language translation for international business. d. Analytical intelligence, Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said are known as, According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our, Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. B. D. 25. b. trial and error. If your first pet was a Golden Retriever, there is a good chance that this would be your prototype for the category of dogs. C. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Lets quickly test your autobiographical memory. b. Q. The working memory files hold a limited amount of information. Creative Commons Attribution License The process of taking out unnecessary details from problems. An algorithm is the process of breaking problems. Most likely none of us could even come close to answering these questions; however, American actress Marilu Henner, best known for the television show Taxi, can remember. d. language; concepts, The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure? If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. A. (a) Generate a correlation matrix for your predictors. D. Heritability is a statistic that provides information about a single individual. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. There are situations where using an algorithm can be the best approach: The downside of using an algorithm to solve the problem is that this process tends to be very time-consuming. C. gender biased. The type of short-term memory (or computer file) depends on the type of information received. b. like a photo negative of Although implicit memories are learned outside of our awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, implicit memory is demonstrated in the performance of some task (Roediger, 1990; Schacter, 1987). B. the child's IQ is lower than average. A. Fragile X syndrome Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. B. gifted. Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two. (a) Our concept of snow is an example of a natural conceptone that we understand through direct observation and experience. Returning to the computer metaphor, implicit memories are like a program running in the background, and you are not aware of their influence. (f`quizlet/_5rbip A) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds fail B) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds make money C) To increase employees D) As an annual practice . Other concepts, like the characteristics of your ideal friend or your familys birthday traditions, are personal and individualized. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as. B. practical It also covers how psychologists compare this approach to other ways to solve problems. D. 100. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site D. subgoal. So you have worked hard to encode (via effortful processing) and store some important information for your upcoming final exam. C. an adult who was born with Down syndrome and lives in a group home because of cognitive deficits In one particular case, he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word "rescuer." It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to memorize words. As long as the professor was dressed appropriately, it does not really matter what she was wearing. These emotional relationships cannot be reported or recalled but can be associated with different stimuli. They love going outside to their garden, fertilizing their plants, and watering their flowers, you probably would have come up with the word "petal" instead of plate. A FalseA stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts each byte in a message one at a time. The process is known as spreading activation (Collins & Loftus, 1975). Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term is between _____ units of information. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. While schemata allow for more efficient information processing, there can be problems with schemata, regardless of whether they are accurate: Perhaps this particular firefighter is not brave, they just work as a firefighter to pay the bills while studying to become a childrens librarian. a. morpheme By the end of this section, you will be able to: Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. c. syntax Your brain analyzes these details and develops an overall understanding of American history. If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that a. Concepts are universal and influence the development of language. B. category. 110-120. What memory problems is she most likely to have now? He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures. D. They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution. Thus, algorithmic problem solving actually comes in two phases: derivation of an algorithm that solves the problem, and conversion of the algorithm into code. Once the information reaches long-term memory, it has to be consolidated at both the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the memory system, which can take weeks or longer. Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Even a simple sentence is easier to recall when it is meaningful (Anderson, 1984). b. David Wechsler was the first to design an IQ test specifically for: What do developmental psychologists seek to understand? d. trial and error, The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory. a. concepts preceded and aided the development of language. a. accurately determine IQ. C. telepathy. The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is. There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Formal concepts However, the activations do not spread in just one direction. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. b. language; social relationships The different files stored in the file cabinet are called concepts. Which of the following are examples of algorithms? Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. b. confirmation bias. When solving a problem, choosing the right approach is often the key to arriving at the best solution. b. divergent thinking. b. the heritability of intelligence is about 0.50. B. Really quickly, what is the first word that comes to mind when you hear peanut butter? Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. In some cases, people are better off learning everything . Similarly, most people have a song that causes a specific emotional response. d. You must create an algorithmfor a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem. A. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. To make this process more complex, the brain does not gather information from external environments only. For example, specific smells can cause specific emotional responses for some people. This is an example of: Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires: Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all _________________________. There are memories in visual-spatial form, as well as memories of spoken or written material, and they are stored in three short-term systems: a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000), and a phonological loop. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. b. language acquisition device. Identify the most shielded and least shielded protons in (a) 2-Bromobutane (b) 1, 1, 2-Trichloropropane (c) Tetrahydrofuran. b. females. D. precision, ________ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. d. collective monologue. Texting while driving is dangerous, but it is a difficult event schema for some people to resist. d. Practical intelligence, Researchers have found that animals ________ with one another. Semantic memory is knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. According to Baddeley and Hitch, a central executive part of memory supervises or controls the flow of information to and from the three short-term systems, and the central executive is responsible for moving information into long-term memory. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. If you are working in a situation where you absolutely need the correct or best possible answer, your best bet is to use an algorithm. the process of identifying rare or unexpected items or events in a dataset that do not conform to other items in the dataset O mathematical formulas placed in software that performs an analysis on a dataset o extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical . The fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human. James Lacy, MLS, is a fact-checker and researcher. B. culturally biased. C. all scores are around the average score. The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as, _____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. C. practicing groupthink -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion -the functions of the reproductive system -sensory functions such as vision and hearing -excretory functions -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion moment. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologydr donald blakeslee a. thought processes and concepts are controlled by language. Language could help a child learn to control social behavior. In psychology, algorithms are frequently contrasted with heuristics. Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports. People ascribe greater value to things they already own when compared with objects owned by someone else. consent of Rice University. Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? c. use sign language It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve, The last step in the problem-solving process is ________. An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. Both can be useful when problem-solving, but it is important to understand the differences between them. After participants were presented with the words and questions, they were given an unexpected recall or recognition task. B. inner motivation In the United States, children often learn the alphabet through song, and they learn the number of days in each month through rhyme: Thirty days hath September, / April, June, and November; / All the rest have thirty-one, / Save February, with twenty-eight days clear, / And twenty-nine each leap year. These lessons are easy to remember because of acoustic encoding. Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. In psychology, for example, Piagets stages of development are abstract concepts. c. trial and error method D. attention bias. b. abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds. Watch this video about superior autobiographical memory from the television news show 60 Minutes to learn more. Implicit memory has been studied with cognitive demand tasks, such as performance on artificial grammars (Reber, 1976), word memory (Jacoby, 1983; Jacoby & Witherspoon, 1982), and learning unspoken and unwritten contingencies and rules (Greenspoon, 1955; Giddan & Eriksen, 1959; Krieckhaus & Eriksen, 1960). c. visual-spatial processing. b. confirmation bias. d. "street smarts.". When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in: d. different aspects of intelligence. They make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts. D. speed of processing. They love going into nature, spreading a blanket on the ground, and eating a delicious meal. Event schemata like these are the reason why many habits are difficult to break once they have been acquired. It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to memorize words. c. consciousness. A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. d. an image of the instructor. Posted on 3. b. insight Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory. D. prototyping. C. Retroductive reasoning A prompt, such as that the restaurant was named after its owner, might help you recall the name of the restaurant. a. cannot make NEW memories, information does not pass from ST memory to be stores in LT Memory, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. C. 75. B. Deductive reasoning b. the less successful that person will be in life. And although hyperthymesia normally appears in adolescence, two children in the United States appear to have memories from well before their tenth birthdays. a. linguistic relativity hypothesis. An event schema, also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine. c. Superordinate concepts By the end of this section, you will be able to: Memory is an information processing system; therefore, we often compare it to a computer. Storage is the creation of a permanent record of information. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. d. 15. Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience. A. grasping the deeper meaning of ideas involves being receptive to other ways of looking at things. Words that had been encoded semantically were better remembered than those encoded visually or acoustically. Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to: View this video that explains short-term and long-term memory to learn more about how memories are stored and retrieved. _________ often work with individuals who have traumatic brain injury. A. are complex strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. According to Goldstone and Kersten (2003), concepts act as building blocks and can be connected in countless combinations to create complex thoughts. c. Algorithmscan replace the source code in programs. Publish: 15 days ago. d. means-end analysis. Typically, the event schema that occurs when you hear your phone ringing involves locating the phone and answering it or responding to your latest text message. b. Familial retardation Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. Algorithms allow automation of complex tasks. Implicit emotional conditioning is the type of memory involved in classically conditioned emotion responses (Olson & Fazio, 2001). Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? Choosing which apartment is best is an example of Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in: The step-by-step approach is the basis for most teaching and learning. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting. is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. It involves learning information that you previously learned. A. Abductive reasoning A. deductive thinking. C. Selection bias Which of the following essential body functions are monitored by the autonomic nervous system? A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of D. convergent thinking. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. : Which of the following is the correct definition of algorithms? In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? C. information-processing capacity. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system: recall, recognition, and relearning. For example, an emergency room doctor making a decision about how to treat a patient could use an algorithm approach. B. Which of the following is true of creative thinkers? Lang JM, Ford JD, Fitzgerald MM. b. heuristic devices. The perfect slogan becomes apparent to you, but you are not consciously aware of how you figured it out. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning. Importantly for memory, activating any part of a semantic network also activates the concepts linked to that part to a lesser degree. Alternatively, elaborative rehearsal is the act of linking new information you are trying to learn to existing information that you already know. c. concepts; language When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as: Another technique used by your brain to organize information is the identification of prototypes for the concepts you have developed. These thoughts are one example of cognition at work. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. d. actual tasks involving memory. a. the debate of sign language versus spoken language. How well did you do? _____ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. B. both convergent thinking and divergent thinking. d. Concepts, Derrick was given a test where he had to identify morphemes. The process of myelination begins prenatally. C. move back home with her parents and commute to college. According to ________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ________ there are nine types of intelligence. High-imagery words are encoded both visually and semantically (Paivio, 1986), thus building a stronger memory. Choose all that apply. C. 140 or above Whitney took Spanish in high school, but after high school she did not have the opportunity to speak Spanish. There are several types of schemata. Psychologists who study problem-solving have described two main processes that people utilize to reach conclusions: algorithms and heuristics. They are used to evaluate the solutions. a. snacks and friends. c. make sounds; dream more vividly This type of reasoning is known as. a. script. Some years ago, psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving (1975) conducted a series of experiments to find out. Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term memory has different forms.
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