All the small towns sections in each of the ekdas resented that, while the large town section accepted brides from small towns, they did not reciprocate. For the sake of bravity and simplicity of presentation, I have not provided detailed documentation. The population of certain first-order divisions lived mainly in villages. (surname) Me caste; Mer (community) Meta Qureshi; Mistri caste; Miyana (community) Modh; Motisar (caste) Multani Lohar; Muslim Wagher; Mutwa; N . With the exclusion of caste (except scheduled caste) from the census since 1951 (practically since 1941, because the census of that year did not result in much reporting), writings on castes as horizontal units greatly declined. manvar surname caste in gujarat. Advances in manufacturing technologies flooded markets in India and abroad with cheap, mass-produced fabrics that Indian handlooms could no longer compete with. The Khedawals, numbering 15,000 to 20,000 in 1931 were basically priests but many of them were also landowners, government officials, and traders. For example, there were two ekdas, each with a large section resident in a large town and small sections resident in two or three neighbouring small towns. The degree of contravention is less if the couple belong, let us say, to two different fourth-order divisions within a third-order division than if they belong to two different third-order divisions within a second-order division, and so on. Thus, at one end, there were first-order divisions, each of which was sub-divided up to the fourth-order, and at the other end there were first-order divisions which were not further divided at all. Data need to be collected over large areas by methods other than those used in village studies, castes need to be compared in the regional setting, and a new general approach, analytical framework, and conceptual apparatus need to be developed. So far we have considered first-order divisions with large and widely spread populations. Real Estate Software Dubai > blog > manvar surname caste in gujarat. Broach, Cambay and Surat were the largest, but there were also a number of smaller ones. Together they provide a slice of Gujarati society from the sea- coast to the bordering highlands. In each of these three divisions the top stratum was clear. If this rule was violated, i.e., if he married a girl with whom the Vanias did not have commensal relations, the maximum punishment, namely, excommunication, was imposed. A comment on the sociology of urban India would, therefore, be in order before we go ahead with the discussion of caste divisions. The co-residence of people belonging to two or more divisions of the lower orders within a division of a higher order has been a prominent feature of caste in towns and cities. This was dramatized at huge feasts called chorasi (literally, eighty-four) when Brahmans belonging to all the traditional 84 second-order divisions sat together to eat food cooked at the same kitchen. endobj Most associations continue to retain their non-political character. ADVERTISEMENTS: Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat! The arrival of the East India Company, however sounded the death knell for the Indian textile industry. Kayatias and Tapodhans were considered such low Brahmans that even some non-Brahman castes did not accept food and water from them. Although caste was found in both village and town, did it possess any special characteristics in the latter? Similarly, the Vanias were divided into such divisions as Disawal, Kapol, Khadayata, Lad, Modh, Nagar, Nima, Porwad, Shirmali, Vayada, and Zarola. It is easy to understand that the pattern of change would be different in those first-order divisions (such as Rajput) or second-order divisions (such as Leva Kanbi) which did not have within them subdivisions of lower orders and which practised hypergamy extensively. As soon as there is any change in . Hence started farming and small scale business in the British Raj to thrive better conditions ahead to maintain their livelihood. More of them were located in the plains, than in the bordering highlands. rogers outage brampton today; levelland, tx obituaries. For example, among almost every Vania division there was a dual division into Visa and Dasa: Visa Nagar and Dasa Nagar, Visa Lad and Dasa Lad, Visa Modh and Dasa Modh, Visa Khadayata and Dasa Khadayata, and so on. The decline was further accelerated by the industrial revolution. In any case, the population of any large caste was found in many kingdoms. As regards the rest of Gujarat, I have used various sources: my work on the caste of genealogists and mythographys and on the early 19th century village records; the available ethnographic, historical and other literature; and observations made while living m Gujarat. They also continued to have marital relations with their own folk. Third, although two or more new endogamous units came into existence and marriage between them was forbidden thereafter, a number of pre-existing kinship and affinal relationships continued to be operative between them. The Rajputs, in association with Kolis, Bhils, and such other castes and tribes, provide an extreme example of such castes. The social relations between and within a large number of such segregated castes should be seen in the context of the overall urban environment, characterized as it was by co-existence of local Hindu castes with immigrant Hindu castes and with the non-Hindu groups such as Jains, Muslims, Parsis and Christians, a higher degree of monetization, a higher degree of contractual and market relations (conversely, a lesser degree of jajmani-type relations), existence of trade guilds, and so on. One of the reasons behind underplaying of the principle of division by Dumont as well as by others seems to be the neglect of the study of caste in urban areas (see Dumonts remarks in 1972: 150). Content Filtrations 6. The following 157 pages are in this category, out of 157 total. Although the name of a Brahman or Vania division might be based on a place name, the division was not territorial in nature. Among the first-order divisions with subdivisions going down to the fourth order, there are associations for divisions of all the orders. To give just one example, one large street in Baroda, of immigrant Kanbis from the Ahmedabad area, named Ahmedabadi Pol, was divided into two small parallel streets. This was dramatized in many towns at the mahajan (guild) feasts when all the members of the guild of traders would eat together. Image Guidelines 5. The Khadayatas were divided into about 30 ekdas. The division had an elaborate internal hierarchy, with wealthy and powerful landlords and tax-farmers at the top and small landholders, tenants and labourers at the bottom. Patidars or Patels claim themselves to be descendants of Lord Ram. For example, among Vanias in a large town like Ahmedabad many of the thirty or forty second-order divisions (such as Khadayata, Modh, Porwad, Shrimali, and so on) were represented. Further, the castes there are unable to take cognizance of each other in terms of hierarchy or of occupation, and it is in this situation that they can be said to exist by virtue of their differences (296) it is the systematic recognition of difference which is most apparent. The castes of the three categoriesprimarily urban, primarily rural, and rural-cum-urbanformed an intricate network spread over the rural and urban communities in the region. Toori. The method is to remove first the barriers of the divisions of the lowest order and then gradually those of one higher order after another. One may say that there are now more hypogamous marriages, although another and perhaps a more realistic way of looking at the change would be that a new hierarchy is replacing the traditional one. Castes having continuous internal hierarchy and lacking effective small endogamous units, such as Rajputs, Leva Kanbis, Anavils and Khedawals, do not have active associations for lower-order divisions. The Rajput links entailed the spread of Rajput culture in each Koli division and provided a certain cultural homogeneity to all the divisions. Indian textiles especially of Gujarat have been praised in several accounts by explorers and historians, from Megasthenes to Herodotus. The main occupation of Vankars was the weaving of cloth. I describe here three prominent units of the latter type, namely, Anavil, Leva Kanbi, and Khedawal Brahman. For example, a good number of villages in central Gujarat used to have both Talapada and Pardeshi Kolis and Brahmans belonging to two or three of their many second-order divisions. It seems the highland Bhils (and possibly also other tribes) provided brides to lower Rajputs in Gujarat. Vankar is described as a caste as well as a community. For example, all Vania divisions were divided into a number of ekdas or gols. I would suggest that this feature of urban caste, along with the well known general tendency of urban culture to encourage innovation, provided the groundhowever diffuse that ground might have beenfor a favourable response to the anti-hierarchical ideas coming from the West. In the plains, therefore, every village had one or more towns in its vicinity. It reflects, on the one hand, the political aspirations of Kolis guided by the importance of their numerical strength in electoral politics and on the other hand, the Rajputs attempt to regain power after the loss of their princely states and estates. Briefly, while the Varna model was significant in the total dynamics of the caste system to fit the numerous first-order divisions into the four-fold Varna model in any part of India is impossible, and, therefore, to consider varnas as caste divisions as such is meaningless. Their origin myth enshrined in their caste purana also showed them to be originally non-Brahman. Since Rajput as a caste occurred all over northern, central and western India (literally, it means rulers son, ruling son), the discussion of Rajputs in Gujarat will inevitably draw us into their relationship with Rajputs in other regions. Traditionally, the Brahman division was supposed to provide the priests for the corresponding divisions. The marital alliances of the royal families forming part of the Maratha confederacy, and of the royal families of Mysore in south India and of Kashmir and Nepal in the north with the royal families of Gujarat and Rajasthan show, among other things, how there was room for flexibility and how the rule of caste endogamy could be violated in an acceptable manner at the highest level. Leva Sheri and Kadva Sheri, named after the two major second-order divisions among the Kanbis. I do not propose to review the literature on caste here; my aim is to point out the direction towards which a few facts from Gujarat lead us. Literally, ekda meant unit, and gol circle, and both signified an endogamous unit. Typically, a village consists of the sections of various castes, ranging from those with just one household to those with over u hundred. Koli Patels are recognised as a Other Backward Class caste by Government of Gujarat. Caste divisions of the first-order can be classified broadly into three categories. In 1931, the Rajputs of all strata in Gujarat had together a population of about 35,000 forming nearly 5 per cent of the total population of Gujarat. Second, there used to be intense intra-ekda politics, and tads were formed as a result of some continuing conflict among ekda leaders and over the trial of violation of ekda rules. The latter continued to be the provincial capital during Mughal rule. This bulk also was characterized by hierarchy, with the relatively advanced population living in the plains at one end and the backward population living along with the tribal population in the highlands at the other end. Most of the second-order divisions were further divided into third-order divisions. In the second kind of area, indigenous Kolis live side-by-side with immigrant Kolis from an adjoining area. For example, the Khadayata Brahmans worked as priests at important rituals among Khadayata Vanias. The small endogamous units, on the other hand, did not practise either. A recent tendency in sociological literature is to consider jatis as castes. The error is further compounded whenalthough this is less commonthe partial, rural model of traditional caste is compared with the present urban situation, and conclusions are drawn about overall change. Usually, it was a small population. The village was a small community divided into a relatively small number of castes; the population of each caste was also small, sometimes only one or two households, with little possibility of existence of subdivisions; and there were intensive relationships of various kinds between the castes. Roughly, while in the plains area villages are nucleated settlements, populated by numerous castes, in the highland area villages are dispersed settlements, populated by tribes and castes of tribal origin. Real Estate Software Dubai > blog > manvar surname caste in gujarat. Vankar is described as a caste as well as a community. A block printed and resist-dyed fabric, whose origin is from Gujarat was found in the tombs of Fostat, Egypt. Since these were all status categories rather than clear- cut divisions, I have not considered them as constituting third-order divisions. The essential idea in the category was power, and anybody who wielded powereither as king or as dominant group in a rural (even tribal) areacould claim to be Rajput. Many second-order divisions were further divided into two or three status categories. Simultaneously, there is gradual decline in the strength of the principle of hierarchy, particularly of ritual hierarchy expressed in purity and pollution. Similarly, in Saurashtra, the Talapadas were distinguished from the Chumvalias, immigrants from the Chumval tract in north Gujarat.
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