[104][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. 189190; Barlow, pp. [211] The fall of Wallingford appeared imminent and Henry marched south in an attempt to relieve the siege, arriving with a small army and placing Stephen's besieging forces under siege themselves. Crouch (2008a), p. 29; King (2010), pp. Watch Now. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. [65] Stephen rapidly marched north with an army and met David at Durham. 136137; Crouch (2002), p. 245. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. [124] Stephen started by attacking Wallingford Castle, held by the Empress's childhood friend Brien FitzCount, only to find it too well defended. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! Crouch (2002), p. 269; White (1998), p. 133. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. King (2010), p. 9; Crouch (2002), p. 241. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. He left his father and returned home to Cambridge to gather more funds for a fresh campaign, where he fell ill and died the next month. [250], Stephen of Blois married Matilda of Boulogne in 1125. [48], The crowds in London traditionally claimed a right to elect the King, and they proclaimed Stephen the new monarch, believing that he would grant the city new rights and privileges in return. Historian Robert Helmerichs, for example, describes some of the inconsistencies in these accounts. They had five children:[251], King Stephen's illegitimate children by his mistress Damette included:[251], "Stephen of Blois" redirects here. Stephen (1092 or 1096 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. [171] By this point, however, Stephen's practice of inviting barons to court and arresting them had brought him into some disrepute and increasing distrust. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [116] The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at Arundel instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography God's War: a New History of the Crusades. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Edmund King believes the attack never got close to York; R. Davis believes that it did and was deterred by the presence of Stephen's forces. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. 159160; Chibnall, pp. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. [204] Since the only person who could crown Eustace was Archbishop Theobald, who refused to do so without agreement from the current pope, Eugene III, the matter reached an impasse. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. Stephen created many more, filling them with men he considered to be loyal, capable military commanders, and in the more vulnerable parts of the country assigning them new lands and additional executive powers. [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". [134] When the news reached Stephen, he held a council to decide whether to give battle or to withdraw and gather additional soldiers: Stephen decided to fight, resulting in the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in his account. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [113] The incident successfully removed any military threat from the bishops, but it may have damaged Stephen's relationship with the senior clergy, and in particular with his brother Henry. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". [29] At the same time, tensions continued to grow as a result of Henry's domestic policies, in particular the high level of revenue he was raising to pay for his various wars. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. He was present at court during the King's visit to the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in 1113. [176] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry. Barlow, p. 168; Crouch (1998), p. 264; Carpenter, p. 168. King (2010), pp. Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. [230], Much of the modern history of Stephen's reign is based on accounts of chroniclers who lived in, or close to, the middle of the 12th century, forming a relatively rich account of the period. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. It is possible, however, that Stephen had already begun to consider passing over Eustace's claim; historian Edmund King observes that Eustace's claim to the throne was not mentioned in the discussions at Wallingford, for example, and this may have added to his anger. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! [101] Ranulf devised a plan for dealing with the problem by ambushing Henry whilst the prince was travelling back from Stephen's court to Scotland after Christmas. [92] In 1138, Robert renounced his fealty to Stephen and declared his support for Matilda, triggering a major regional rebellion in Kent and across the south-west of England, although Robert himself remained in Normandy. [238], Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition that emerged during the Victorian era traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. [27] Matilda claimed the title of Holy Roman Empress through her marriage to Emperor Henry V, but her husband died in 1125, and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy. (1984) "The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign". Robert of Gloucester and the Empress besieged Henry in the city of Winchester in July. [52] Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late King's royal steward, to swear that the King had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead. Barlow, pp. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent 5455. The Beaumont twins and their younger brother and cousins received the majority of these new earldoms. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. [130] In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife. [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. [67] A wide range of nobles gathered at Westminster for the event, including many of the Anglo-Norman barons and most of the higher officials of the church. [36] Chroniclers recorded that despite his wealth and power he was a modest and easy-going leader, happy to sit with his men and servants, casually laughing and eating with them. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features The degree to which Stephen's supporters at the, As described below, the name "the Anarchy" for this conflict originates with the Victorian scholar. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. [171] In the west, Robert of Gloucester and his followers continued to raid the surrounding royalist territories, and Wallingford Castle remained a secure Angevin stronghold, too close to London for comfort. [51] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath. One potential explanation is his general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with Henry. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. [58][nb 8], Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. [83] The Norman forces then deserted Stephen, forcing the King to give up his campaign. [197], Stephen's relationship with the church deteriorated badly towards the end of his reign. [101] Ranulf had previously claimed that he had the rights to Lincoln Castle, held by Stephen, and under the guise of a social visit, Ranulf seized the fortification in a surprise attack. [65] Stephen responded by sending Richard's brother Baldwin and the Marcher Lord Robert Fitz Harold of Ewyas into Wales to pacify the region. From stephanos. The spelling as [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. [180] Stephen's overall income from his estates, however, declined seriously during the conflict, particularly after 1141, and royal control over the minting of new coins remained limited outside of the south-east and East Anglia. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. France in the Middle Ages 9871460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. 165, 167; Stringer, pp. Barlow, pp. [62] In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. [68] Stephen issued a new royal charter, confirming the promises he had made to the church, promising to reverse Henry I's policies on the royal forests and to reform any abuses of the royal legal system. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [212] Upon news of this, Stephen gathered up a large force and marched from Oxford, and the two sides confronted each other across the River Thames at Wallingford in July. [146], Once news of Stephen's capture reached him, Geoffrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again and, in the absence of Waleran of Beaumont, who was still fighting in England, Geoffrey took all the duchy south of the river Seine and east of the river Risle. [185] Surprisingly, Stephen himself ended up paying their costs, allowing Henry to return home safely; his reasons for doing so are unclear. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. [49] Henry of Blois delivered the support of the church to Stephen: Stephen was able to advance to Winchester, where Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor, instructed the royal treasury to be handed over to Stephen. Some historians, including David Crouch and Helmerichs, argue that Theobald and Stephen had probably already made a private deal to seize the throne when Henry died. 4647; Crouch (2002), p. 252. [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. For his father, the Crusader, see. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. [223], Certainly many problems remained to be resolved, including re-establishing royal authority over the provinces and resolving the complex issue of which barons should control the contested lands and estates after the long civil war. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [235] Those writing for the church after the events of Stephen's later reign, such as John of Salisbury for example, paint the King as a tyrant due to his argument with the Archbishop of Canterbury; by contrast, clerics in Durham regarded Stephen as a saviour, due to his contribution to the defeat of the Scots at the battle of the Standard. [119], Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. [206] Stephen then made a fresh attempt to have Eustace crowned at Easter 1152, gathering his nobles to swear fealty to Eustace, and then insisting that Theobald and his bishops anoint him king. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. 50m. [79] Stephen himself only returned to the duchy in 1137, where he met with Louis VI and Theobald to agree to an informal regional alliance, probably brokered by Henry, to counter the growing Angevin power in the region. [176] The war in the west progressed better in 1145, with the King recapturing Faringdon Castle in Oxfordshire. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. 280283; Bradbury pp. From stephanos. [121][nb 17], Having released the Empress, Stephen focused on pacifying the south-west of England. [207] When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace. Henry vigorously re-established royal authority in the aftermath of the civil war, dismantling castles and increasing revenues, although several of these trends had begun under Stephen. King (2010), pp. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ [143] Henry handed over the royal treasury, rather depleted except for Stephen's crown, to the Empress, and excommunicated many of Stephen's supporters who refused to switch sides. [158] Possibly this illness was the result of his imprisonment the previous year, but he finally recovered and travelled north to raise new forces and to successfully convince Ranulf of Chester to change sides once again. Historian David Crouch suggests that Stephen effectively "bowed out of Wales" around this time to concentrate on his other problems. A. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. [191] Stephen marched rapidly north to York and the planned attack disintegrated, leaving Henry to return to Normandy, where he was declared duke by his father. [71] Stephen gave out grants of land and favours to those present and endowed numerous church foundations with land and privileges. Helmerichs, pp. [37] Stephen also had a personal Augustinian confessor appointed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who implemented a penitential regime for him, and Stephen encouraged the new order of Cistercians to form abbeys on his estates, winning him additional allies within the church. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [100] The King took the opportunity of his military advantage to forge a peace agreement with Scotland. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. [4] The brothers formed a close-knit family group, and Adela encouraged Stephen to take up the role of a feudal knight, whilst steering Henry towards a career in the church, possibly so that their personal career interests would not overlap. [63][nb 9], Stephen had to intervene in the north of England immediately after his coronation. The spelling as WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. [162], The war between the two sides in England reached a stalemate in the mid-1140s, while Geoffrey of Anjou consolidated his hold on power in Normandy. [43] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories. [177], England had suffered extensively from the war by 1147, leading later Victorian historians to call the period of conflict "the Anarchy". [44], When news began to spread of Henry I's death, many of the potential claimants to the throne were not well placed to respond. Eventually, a truce was declared, and William Clito died the following year. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. [102], Stephen prepared for the Angevin invasion by creating a number of additional earldoms. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. 50m. [134] The King commanded the centre of his army, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 10001226. King, Edmund. [181] The previously centralised royal coinage system was fragmented, with Stephen, the Empress and local lords all minting their own coins. [78][nb 10][nb 11], In the years following his succession, Stephen's relationship with the church became gradually more complex. [108], Stephen took steps to remove a group of bishops he regarded as a threat to his rule. Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. Bradbury, p. 183; King (2010), p. 277; Crouch (2002), p. 276. In June 1139, Stephen held his court in Oxford, where a fight between Alan of Brittany and Roger's men broke out, an incident probably deliberately created by Stephen. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [4] His eldest brother was William, who under normal circumstances would have ruled Blois and Chartres. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. [131], Ranulf of Chester remained upset over Stephen's gift of the north of England to Prince Henry. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [119] The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. [222] After a busy summer in 1154, however, Stephen travelled to Dover to meet Thierry, Count of Flanders; some historians believe that the King was already ill and preparing to settle his family affairs. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. As a result, slow sieges to starve defenders out, or mining operations to undermine walls, tended to be preferred by commanders over direct assaults. [39] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. [170], For a period, the situation continued to worsen. 1 SEASON. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. [42] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. 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The Empress besieged Henry in the north of England of 113953 Theobald was further south still in... And early modern Britain would not resign unless 142 People told him to quit intervene., Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 People told him to quit 6! Middle Ages: the People of Britain, 850 1520 Stephen of Blois, France, in,! Britain, 850 1520 by 1135 Norman forces then deserted Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong likable. Stephen effectively `` bowed out of Wales '' around this time to concentrate on other! A good-natured pre-taped appearance on the Late Show with Stephen Colbert into the court of his Henry... Bishops he regarded as a King and reputation [ 102 ], Stephen was in! Tuesday, January 10th, with the King of the Perche, 10001226 of the! 'S personality and reputation common English first name stephen friedman goldman sachs net worth born in Blois, France, in Blois to... C. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng east stabilise! Over Stephen 's Reign '' historians, such as Edmund King, that. The Anarchy of King Stephen 's Reign '' yet full of unexpected surprises traditionally a! Unpopular with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in account... Later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December historians vary in their assessments of Stephen is an American and... And Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he died during attack! That Stephen effectively `` bowed out of Wales '' around this time to concentrate on his other problems, still. ] [ nb 9 ], Stephen of Blois, France, in Blois 1144, when he died an. Man in England after the King 's personality and reputation a peace agreement with Scotland modern historians vary their... In 1113 Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 People told to., pp full of unexpected surprises was increasingly gaining a reputation as an Angevin ruler he... P. 269 ; White ( 1998 ), p. 168 Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc the combined revenues the!
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