Since Mount Vitosha is a preferred destination for the capitals residents, its fields and paths are alive with nature lovers. Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. : +359 2 49 49 315 E-mail:largo@info-sofia.bg, Info Point Chitalnyata (The reading room), Tel. Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls. Serdica Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Serdica. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge. It is the policy of the ODRC to maintain a classification level system that creates a process for the classification of individuals according to their security risk. It has a humid continental climate. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to Kulata and Bankya, respectively. The slopes are suitable for both experienced skiers beginners. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the Roman Republic in 29 BC from the Celtic tribe Serdi. They can be considered as a single complex, and played an important role in preserving the Bulgarian spiritual heritage during the centuries of Ottoman occupation. Objective jail classification (OJC) is a process of assessing every jail inmate's custody and program needs and is considered one of the most important management tools available to jail administrators and criminal justice system planners. The people with juridical status divorced or widowed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. Accurately classifying incarcerated individuals and placing them in institutions consistent with their security classification is a means of protecting the public, ensuring staff and incarcerated individual safety, and achieving the ODRC's rehabilitative goals. [188] All major types of transport (except water) are represented in the city. Smog thus persists over the city as temperature inversions and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin. Privilege levels will be greater than Level 3 and individuals may be eligible for Reintegration Units. In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. [24] In 1979, the Boyana Church in Sofia was included onto the World Heritage List, and it was deconstructed in the Second Bulgarian Empire, holding much patrimonial symbolism to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Sofia Municipality is identical to Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. [94] In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. "[102], From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. [150] Smaller collections of historical items are displayed in the National Archaeological Museum, a former mosque located between the edifices of the National Bank and the Presidency. Heinrichs. [21] This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic Cathedral of St Joseph. It discusses key components of an OJC system, including instruments that use reliable and valid criteria, overrides by classification staff, staff training and commitment to OJC, and a housing plan that is consistent with classification outcomes. The neolithic village in Slatina dating to the 5th6th millennium BC is documented. Inmates serving an out of state sentence must be initially classified as level four. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. The Federal Bureau of Prisons compiled a list of all medium-security prisons. Sofia offers many places for its children to play. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade. All images, advertising and video materials and/or other information published on this website are property of the Ministry of Tourism and are protected by the Law on Copyright and Related Rights,according tothe Bulgarian laws to all applicable international and relevant acts of the European Union. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. The city is ranked 62nd among financial centres worldwide. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today. Name . The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan Omurtag, who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, ). [146] Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre multiplexes. The physical security requirements for Level 4 may vary based on the overall physical structure of the facility. Read More August 16, 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Receive report from the Office of the County Counsel relating to options for transferring rehabilitative jail functions to the Department of Correction and provide direction . The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. Right in front of this museum if the Saint Nikolay Church, which is an architectural landmark. Weather can be very unstable and dynamic with sudden significant temperature amplitudes. By clicking Allow All, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation. The Parliament Building, Monument to the Liberator (in honor of the Russian Tsar Alexander II, who was instrumental in freeing Bulgaria from Ottoman rule), and the campus of Sofia University Saint Kliment Ohradski are three more of the citys major symbols. [72] In response to hazardous spikes in air pollution, the Municipal Council implemented a variety of measures in January 2018, like more frequent washing of streets. Bianquis, C.E. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)", "Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. [196] As of 2012[update], the system has 39km (24mi) of track. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. [212] A number of research and cultural departments operate within SU, including its own publishing house, botanical gardens,[213] a space research centre, a quantum electronics department,[214] and a Confucius Institute. [216][217] All five of Bulgaria's supercomputers and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. [75] Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017. It holds a collection of Eastern Orthodox icons from the 9th to the 19th century. The museum has one of the largest collections anywhere, with over 700,000 items of cultural importance. [53][54], The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. [145] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. DOC also uses risk sub codes as "flags" to designate a special situation or condition for staff to monitor. [78][87] It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region. The 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake was also noticed in the city. In 1018, the Byzantines ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the reborn Bulgarian Empire. The city is known for its 49 mineral and thermal springs. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of Sofia Airport, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of Novi Iskar, where the scenic Iskar Gorge begins.[42]. [159] The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 Bulgarians, 3,538 Jews, 839 Turks and 737 Romani. [69] The European Commission has taken Bulgaria to court over its failure to curb air pollution. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. III. A third line was opened in August of 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. A notable local basketball team is twice European Champions Cup finalist Lukoil Akademik. In honor of its hot springs, in the 8th century BC the Thracian tribes settled here gave the city its first name Serdika or Serdonpolis. [141] As of 2015[update], the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the Numbeo database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night. [166] In 2015, Forbes listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a startup business, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq. On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 96cm (37.8in) and 57 days with snow cover. The Vitosha Nature Park (the oldest national park in the Balkans)[118] includes most of Vitosha mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103sqmi),[119] with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century. It was proposed as a capital by Marin Drinov and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. The report also noted that no industrial pollution monitoring stations operate in Sofia, even though industrial facilities are active in the city. The city is located at a strategic crossroads. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the manufacturing industry. It became the capital of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia (Rumelia Eyalet), the province that administered the Ottoman lands in Europe (the Balkans), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of Anatolia. [100], In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the Ottoman Empire in the course of the Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars by Lala ahin Pasha, following a three-month siege. [156] A velodrome with 5,000 seats in the city's central park is undergoing renovation. [96] In the second half of 10th century the city was ruled by Komit Nikola and his sons, known as the "Komitopuli". In the churchs crypt, there is an exhibit of Orthodox Christian art. Effective offender classification is essential in corrections, not only to support daily management and administration, but also to keep the system responsive to changing offender demographics, sentencing statutes, and agency policy. Sofia is the second highest capital of the European Union (after Madrid) and the third highest capital of Europe (after Andorra la Vella and Madrid). In 1945, the communist Fatherland Front took power. The NIC Jails Division's services include training, networks, technical assistance, and information resources, such as documents and DVDs. [134] Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including Bulgarian mafia killings, caused problems in the city,[135] where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,[136] which had caused the European Commission to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime[137] (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007). [132], Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. With its cultural significance in Southeast Europe, Sofia is home to the National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria, the National Palace of Culture, the Vasil Levski National Stadium, the Ivan Vazov National Theatre, the National Archaeological Museum, and the Serdica Amphitheatre. During the Communist Party rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.[115]. 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